Idioventricular rhythm and shock after a honeybee sting / Ritmo idioventricular y shock después de un piquete de abeja

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the case of a 19-year-old male presenting with bradycardia and hypotension after a honeybee sting making a review of the literature and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular and electrocardiogram (EKG) changes after a bee sting. Methods: The patient's airway was inspected and secured. Electrocardiogram with an idioventricular rhythm at 41' bpm. Oxygen was administered, an intravenous access was established, and the transcutaneous pacemaker leads were placed on the chest of the patient, then published guidelines management was induced. Results: The EKG showed idioventricular rhythm at a rate of 41 beats/min that resolved to a normal sinus rhythm after treatment. Conclusions: A full and prompt cardiovascular evaluation should be performed in all patients presenting to the emergency department after a bee sting, and published guidelines regarding the management of bradycardia and anaphylaxis should be followed to achieve successful outcomes.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir el caso de un paciente masculino de 19 años que presenta bradicardia e hipotensión después de una picadura de abeja haciendo una revisión de la literatura y fisiopatología de los cambios cardiovasculares y electrocardiográficos después de una picadura de abeja. Métodos: Se inspeccionó y aseguró la vía aérea del paciente. Un rastreo de ECG realizado al ingreso reveló ritmo idioventricular a una ritmo de 41 latidos por minuto. Se administró oxígeno, se estableció un acceso IV y se colocaron los cables del marcapasos transcutáneo en el tórax del paciente, luego se indujo el manejo de las guías publicadas. Resultados: El electrocardiograma mostró un ritmo idioventricular a una frecuencia de 41 latidos por minuto que se resolvió a un ritmo sinusal normal después del tratamiento. Conclusiones: Se debe realizar una evaluación cardiovascular completa y rápida en todos los pacientes que se presentan al departamento de emergencias después de una picadura de abeja, y se deben seguir las pautas publicadas sobre el manejo de la bradicardia y la anafilaxia para lograr resultados exitosos.

Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: alteraciones cardiovasculares al ingreso y evolución a 3 meses / Female adolescents with eating disordes: cardiac abnormalities

Background: Cardiovascular complications can occur in up to 80% of adolescent patients with eating disorders (ED) and account for 30% of their mortality. Aim: To evaluate cardiovascular complications in adolescents with ED and their evolution after refeeding. Patients and Methods: In adolescents with ED admitted to treatment, we assessed the nutritional status, weight loss prior to consultation, presence of bradycardia (BC, defined as heart rate < 60 bpm), we performed an electrocardiogram (ECG) and an echocardiography and measured thyroid hormones. Results: We studied 53 women aged 16.4 ± 2.3 years. Fifteen had a diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (AN), seven of Bulimia (BN), eight a not otherwise specified ED (ED-NOS), four a Binge Eating Disorder (BED), sixteen an Atypical Anorexia (AAN) and three an Atypical Bulimia (ABN). Thirty four percent were malnourished and 3.8% overweight. The most common cardiac problem was BC in 51%. In eight of 26 patients in whom an echocardiogram was done, it was abnormal. Six had a decreased ventricular mass, three a pericardial effusion and three valvular involvement. There was a significant association between bradycardia and malnutrition, weight loss and low free triiodothyronine levels. BC was significantly more common in patients with AN, but it also occurred in half of the patients with AAN and in one of three patients with other types of ED. At follow up, bradycardia significantly improved with refeeding. Conclusions: There is an association between all types of ED and bradycardia, as well as anatomical and functional cardiac anomalies.

Compromiso de conciencia y bradicardia / Unconciousness and bradycardia

Resumen: Mujer de 71 años, institucionalizada con antecedentes de esquizofrenia y tabaquismo. Consulta en el servicio de urgencias tras ser encontrada a la intemperie comprometida de conciencia. Al llegar la ambulancia se constata mal perfundida, bradipsíquica y bradicárdica, siendo trasladada al servicio de Urgencia. A su ingreso el ECG mostró bradicardia sinusal con trastorno de la conducción intraventricular y prolongación del intervalo QT. Los exámenes de laboratorio al ingreso resultaron dentro de límites normales. La historia clínica y los trazados electrocardiográficos son presentados, siendo discutidos junto al manejo médico.

Abstracts: A 71year old woman, institutionalized with a history of schizophrenia and smoking. She was transported to a local emergency room after being found laying outside unconscious. She was hypoperfused, bradypsychic and bradycardic, being transferred to the emergency service. On admission, the ECG showed sinus bradycardia with intraventricular conduction delay and QT prolongation. Laboratory tests were normal. Clinical history, physical examination and ECG tracings are presented and management is discussed.

Bradicardia sintomática causada por intoxicação por nicotina / Symptomatic bradycardia due to nicotine intoxication

RESUMO A nicotina é uma substância perigosa, extraída das folhas de fumo. Quando absorvida em quantidade excessiva, ela pode levar à insuficiência respiratória e à parada cardíaca. A comercialização de cigarros eletrônicos (e-cigarros) permite que os usuários manuseiem diretamente o líquido, com consequente aumento do risco de exposição à nicotina líquida. Descrevemos nossa experiência no tratamento do caso de um paciente que ingeriu elevada concentração de nicotina líquida contida em líquido para e-cigarros. O paciente apresentava bradicardia e hipotensão, que são sintomas de estimulação parassimpática, além de comprometimento da consciência. O paciente teve recuperação após tratamento com atropina e vasopressor.

ABSTRACT Nicotine is a dangerous substance extracted from tobacco leaves. When nicotine is absorbed in excessive amounts, it can lead to respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. The commercialization of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has allowed users to directly handle e-cigarette liquid. Consequently, the risk of liquid nicotine exposure has increased. We describe our experience of managing the case of a patient who orally ingested a high concentration of liquid nicotine from e-cigarette liquid. The patient presented with bradycardia and hypotension, which are symptoms of parasympathetic stimulation, together with impaired consciousness. He recovered following treatment with atropine and a vasopressor.

Bezold-Jarisch reflex in a patient undergoing endoscopic sympathectomy for management of refractory angina pectoris: a case report / Reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch em paciente submetida à simpatectomia endoscópica para tratamento de angina pectoris refratária: relato de caso

Abstract Background and objectives Ischemic cardiomyopathy is characterized by imbalance between supply and demand of myocardial oxygen. Endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy is a therapeutic option indicated in refractory cases. However, the patient's position on the operating table may favor ischemic coronary events triggering the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Case report A female patient, 47 years old, with refractory ischemic cardiomyopathy, admitted to the operating room for endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy, developed the Bezold- Jarisch reflex with severe bradycardia and hypotension after placement in semi-sitting position to the procedure. Conclusion Bradyarrhythmia, hypotension, and asystole are complications potentially associated with patient placement in a semi-sitting position, particularly in cases with previous ischemic heart disease.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos A cardiomiopatia isquêmica caracteriza-se pelo desbalanço entre a oferta e o consumo de oxigênio pelo miocárdio. A simpatectomia transtorácica endoscópica é uma opção terapêutica indicada nos casos refratários. Contudo, a posição do paciente na mesa cirúrgica pode favorecer eventos coronarianos isquêmicos e deflagrar o reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch. Relato de caso Paciente do sexo feminino, 47 anos, portadora de cardiomiopatia isquêmica refratária, admitida na sala de cirurgia para simpatectomia transtorácica endoscópica, deflagrou o reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch e desenvolveu bradicardia e hipotensão graves logo após colocação em posição semissentada para o procedimento. Conclusão Bradiarritmia, hipotensão e assistolia são complicações potencialmente associadas à colocação do paciente em posição semissentada, especialmente nos casos em que há prévio comprometimento isquêmico do coração.

The relationship between preoperative anxiety levels and vasovagal incidents during the administration of spinal anesthesia / A relação entre os níveis de ansiedade no período pré-operatório e os incidentes vasovagais durante a administração de raquianestesia

Abstract Background: It was aimed to investigate the relationship between preoperative anxiety and vasovagal symptoms observed during the administration of spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery in the perianal and inguinal regions. Methods: The study included patients with planned surgery for inguinal hernia repair, anal fissure, hemorrhoid and pilonidal sinus excision. The study included a total of 210 patients of ASA I-II, aged 18-65 years. Patients were evaluated in respect of demographic characteristics, smoking and alcohol consumption, ASA grade and educational level. Correlations were evaluated between the number of attempts at spinal anesthesia and anesthesia history with vasovagal symptoms and educational level, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption and anesthesia history with anxiety scores. The instant (transient) state anxiety inventory part of the Transient State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (State Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI) was used to determine the anxiety levels of the participants. Clinical findings of peripheral vasodilation, hypotension, bradycardia and asystole observed during the administration of spinal anesthesia were recorded. Results: Vasovagal incidences during the administration of spinal anesthesia were seen to increase in cases of high anxiety score, male gender, and an absence of anesthesia history. Educational level and the number of spinal needle punctures were not found to have any effect on vasovagal incidents. Conclusion: The determination of causes triggering vasovagal incidents seen during the application of spinal anesthesia, better patient information of regional anesthesia implementations and anxiety relief with preoperative anxiolytic treatment will help to eliminate potential vasovagal incidents.

Resumo Justificativa: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre a ansiedade no período pré-operatório e os sintomas vasovagais observados durante a administração de raquianestesia a pacientes submetidos à cirurgia nas regiões perianal e inguinal. Métodos: O estudo incluiu pacientes com cirurgias agendadas para correção de hérnia inguinal, fissura anal, hemorroidas e excisão de fístula pilonidal. Foram incluídos 210 pacientes entre 18-65 anos e estado físico ASA I-II. A avaliação dos pacientes compreendeu história de tabagismo e consumo de álcool, classificação ASA e nível de escolaridade. As correlações foram avaliadas entre o número de tentativas de aplicação da raquianestesia e história de anestesia com sintoma vasovagal, nível de escolaridade, sexo, tabagismo e consumo de álcool, história anestésica e escores de ansiedade. O inventário do estado (transitório) de ansiedade, parte do Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (State Trait Anxiety Inventory - IDATE), foi usado para determinar os níveis de ansiedade dos participantes. Achados clínicos de vasodilatação periférica, hipotensão, bradicardia e assistolia observados durante a administração da raquianestesia foram registrados. Resultados: Observamos aumento dos incidentes vasovagais durante a administração da raquianestesia em casos com escores elevados de ansiedade, pacientes do sexo masculino e pacientes sem história anestésica. O nível de escolaridade e o número de punções com agulha espinhal não mostraram ter qualquer efeito sobre os incidentes vasovagais. Conclusão: Determinar as causas que desencadearam os incidentes vasovagais observados durante a aplicação da raquianestesia, fornecer boa informação ao paciente sobre a anestesia regional e promover alívio da ansiedade com tratamento ansiolítico no pré-operatório contribuirão para eliminar possíveis incidentes vasovagais.

Effects of Dexmedetomidine Infusion on the Recovery Profiles of Patients Undergoing Transurethral Resection

Transurethral resection has been the gold standard in the operative management of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder tumor; however, it is associated with several complications that may cause patient discomfort. We evaluated the usefulness of continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation, hemodynamic status, and recovery profiles in patients undergoing elective surgery by a randomized clinical trial. Sixty patients aged 30 to 80 yr who were scheduled for elective transurethral resection under general anesthesia were included in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups (control group, group C; dexmedetomidine group, group D). A total of 60 male patients were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to group C (n=30) or group D (n=30). The quality of emergence in group D was marked by a significantly lower incidence of emergence agitation than in group C (P=0.015). Patients in group D therefore felt less discomfort induced by the indwelling Foley catheter than those in group C (P=0.022). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to side effects including bradycardia (P=0.085), hypotension (P=0.640), and postoperative nausea and vomiting (P=0.389). Our study showed that intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion effectively reduced the incidence and intensity of emergence agitation and catheter-induced bladder discomfort without delaying recovery time and discharge time, thus providing smooth emergence during the recovery period in patients undergoing transurethral resection (Clinical Trial Registry No. KT0001683).

"Loss of breath" as a cause of postoperative hypoxia and bradycardia in children submitted to tonsillectomy / "Perda de fôlego" como causa de hipóxia e bradicardia pós-operatória em criança submetida à amigdalectomia

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: the "shortness of breath" or "breathing interruption" crisis can be considered a cause of hypoxia in childhood. It is characterized by the presence of a triggering factor followed by weeping and apnea in expiration accompanied by cyanosis or pallor. The sequence of events may include bradycardia, loss of consciousness, abnormal postural tone and even asystole. A review of the literature revealed only two reports of postoperative apnea caused by "shortness of breath".CASE REPORT: this article describes the case of a child with a history of "shortness of breath" undiagnosed before the adenotonsillectomy, but that represented the cause of episodes of hypoxemia and bradycardia in the postoperative period.CONCLUSIONS: the "shortness of breath" crisis should be considered as a possible cause of perioperative hypoxia in children, especially when there is a history suggestive of this problem. As some events may be accompanied by bradycardia, loss of consciousness, abnormal postural tone and even asystole, observation in a hospital setting should be considered.

RESUMOJUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A crise de "perda de fôlego" ou de "interrupção respiratória" pode ser considerada uma causa de hipóxia na infância. É caracteriza pela presença de um fator desencadeante seguido por choro e apneia em expiração acompanhada de cianose ou palidez cutânea. A sequência de eventos pode incluir bradicardia, perda da consciência, alteração do tônus postural e até assistolia. Uma revisão da literatura evidenciou apenas dois relatos de apneia pós-operatória causada por "perda de fôlego".RELATO DO CASO: O presente artigo descreve um caso de criança com antecedente de crises de "perda de fôlego" não diagnosticadas antes da feitura de adenoamigdalectomia, mas que representaram a causa de episódios de hipoxemia e bradicardia no período pós-operatório.CONCLUSÕES: As crises de "perda de fôlego" devem ser consideradas como possível causa de hipóxia perioperatória em crianças, principalmente quando há história prévia sugestiva. Como alguns eventos podem ser acompanhados de bradicardia, perda da consciência, alteração do tônus postural e até assistolia, a observação em ambiente hospitalar deve ser considerada.

Alteraciones electrocardiográficas en anorexia nervosa: revisión crítica de la literatura / Electrocardiographic abnormalities in anorexia nervosa: a critical review of the literature

Introducción: La anorexia nervosa (AN) es un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria y, entre sus causas de mortalidad, las arritmias cardiacas y la muerte súbita son frecuentes, por lo que es indispensable la monitorización electrocardiográfica. Se han descrito muchos hallazgos con resultados contradictorios, por lo que es necesaria una revisión crítica de la literatura científica. Metodología: Revisión de los estudios relevantes sobre cambios electrocardiográficos en AN, consultados en PubMed desde 1974 hasta febrero de 2014, utilizando los términos MeSH: Eating disorders, nervosa anorexia, sinusal bradycardia, QT prolongation, QT dispersion, electrocardiography, EKG, electrocardiogram. Resultados y discusión: Las dos alteraciones más comunes reportadas incluyen la bradicardia sinusal y los cambios en la repolarización evidenciados en prolongación del QT e incremento de su dispersión. Los trastornos electrolíticos parecen ser la causa de estas alteraciones en algunos pacientes, pero otras razones se discuten en detalle, como la desviación del eje del QRS a la derecha, la alteración en variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca, R en derivación V6 de bajo voltaje, disminución de la amplitud del QRS y onda T y alargamiento del QRS. La mayoría de los autores hablan de reversibilidad de los cambios después del tratamiento. Conclusiones: Estos resultados siguen apoyando la necesidad de valorar a los pacientes con AN con electrocardiogramas inicial y de seguimiento, para el diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento de alteraciones cardiovasculares relacionadas con alta morbimortalidad. También apoyan la necesidad del uso racional de psicofármacos para no aumentar el riesgo de arritmias cardiacas y muerte súbita.

Background: Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death are frequent causes of mortality, which makes electrocardiographic monitoring indispensable in these patients. There are many suggestive findings but results are contradictory, making a critical review of the scientific literature is necessary. Methods: The most relevant studies on electrocardiographic (EKG) changes in patients with AN, found in PubMed from 1974 to February 2014, were reviewed using the MeSH terms: eating disorders, nervosa anorexia, sinus bradycardia, QT prolongation, QT dispersion, electrocardio graphy, EKG, and electrocardiogram. Findings and discussion: The two most common EKG findings reported in the literature are sinus bradycardia and changes in depolarization, as shown by prolongation and increased dispersion of the QT interval. Electrolyte disturbances seem to be the cause of these disturbances in some patients, but other reasons are also discussed in detail, such as QRS right axis deviation, disturbances of heart rate variability, low R wave voltage in V6, amplitude decrease of the QRS and T wave, and QRS prolongation. The majority of authors report that these changes are reversible after treatment of AN. Conclusions: These findings support the need for initial and follow-up EKGs in patients with AN and for early diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disturbances that are associated with morbidity and mortality. They also support the need for the rational use of psychop harmacology, and that does not increase the risk of arrhythmias and sudden death in these patients.

Alteraciones electrocardiográficas en hipotermia severa accidental: Caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Electrocardiographic manifestations of severe accidental hypothermia: Report of one case

We report a 77-year-old female patient who was admitted to the Emergency Department with impairment of consciousness, hypotension, bradycardia and hypothermia. She required endotracheal intubation and transfer to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Computed tomography of the brain showed no lesions. Electrocardiogram showed abnormalities suggestive of severe hypothermia (bradycardia, marked elevation of J point associated with ST depression, a negative T wave in V2 to V6 and prolongation of QTc), which was confirmed with a pulmonary artery catheter. Myxedema coma, infections and neurological diseases were discarded. The cause of severe hypothermia was unclear, and the probable source was suspected to be accidental. After intensive treatment the patient improved, achieving normalization of electrocardiographic changes, recovery of organic functions and she was discharged home after 22 days.

Fatores de risco para raquianestesia em recém-nascidos pré-termo submetidos a herniorrafia inguinal / Risk factors for spinal anesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal hernia repair

OBJETIVOS: Investigar os fatores de risco e a incidência de efeitos adversos perioperatórios advindos da raquianestesia não suplementada em recém-nascidos pré-termo. Também foi avaliado o tempo decorrido até o reinício da alimentação oral e até a alta hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Foram coletados prospectivamente os dados perioperatórios de todos os recém-nascidos prematuros e ex-prematuros submetidos a herniorrafia inguinal com raquianestesia em um centro médico terciário. RESULTADOS: O grupo de estudo consistiu em 144 recém-nascidos com uma idade gestacional mediana de 30 semanas, idade concepcional de 37 semanas, peso de nascimento de 1.420 g, e peso de 2.140 g no momento da cirurgia. No total, seis (4,2%) recém-nascidos apresentaram complicações intraoperatórias, que incluíram apneia (2/1,4%), bradicardia (2/1,4%) e hipoxemia (4/2,8%). Complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 15 (10,4%) recém-nascidos, principalmente hipoxemia (3/2,1%), bradicardia (8/5,5%) e apneia (6/4,1%). Os fatores preditivos de desfecho desfavorável (apneia, alimentação oral > 6 h de pós-operatório, ou alta > 30 h de pós-operatório) foram displasia broncopulmonar [razão de chances (OR) = 3,2, intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 2,8-5,3; p = 0,01] e leucomalácia periventricular (OR = 2,8, IC95% 2,1-4,9; p = 0,03). CONCLUSÕES: A raquianestesia é segura e eficaz na herniorrafia inguinal em recém-nascidos pré-termo, levando a um reinício precoce da alimentação oral e a um menor período de hospitalização. Displasia broncopulmonar e leucomalácia periventricular podem acarretar risco de desfecho desfavorável.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk factors and incidence of perioperative adverse effects from unsupplemented spinal anesthesia in preterm infants. Times to resumption of oral feeding and to home discharge were also evaluated. METHODS: Perioperative data were collected prospectively for all preterm and former preterm infants who underwent inguinal hernia repair with spinal anesthesia at a tertiary medical center. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 144 infants with a median gestational age of 30 weeks, postmenstrual age of 37 weeks, birth weight of 1,420 g, and weight at surgery of 2,140 g. Overall, six (4.2%) infants had intraoperative complications, which included apnea (2/1.4%), bradycardia (2/1.4%), and hypoxemia (4/2.8%). Postoperative complications occurred in 15 (10.4%) infants, mainly hypoxemia (3/2.1%), bradycardia (8/5.5%), and apnea (6/4.1%). Predictive factors of an unfavorable outcome (apnea, resumption of oral feeding > 6 h postoperatively, or discharge > 30 h postoperatively) were bronchopulmonary dysplasia (odds ratio [OR] = 3.2, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 2.8-5.3; p = 0.01) and periventricular leukomalacia (OR = 2.8, 95%CI 2.1-4.9; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Spinal anesthesia is safe and effective for inguinal hernia repair in preterm infants, with early resumption of oral feeding and short hospitalization. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and periventricular leukomalacia may pose risks for an unfavorable outcome.

Fisioterapia respiratória em neonatologia: importância e cuidados / Chest physiotherapy in neonatology: importance and management

Objetivo: Avaliar a importância da fisioterapia respiratória nos cuidados intensivos neonatais, por meio dos trabalhos já publicados na literatura. Métodos: Fontes de dados pesquisadas: Medline, Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram neonatos, fisioterapia respiratória, remoção de secreções, hipoxemia e bradicardia. Resultados: A atuação da fisioterapia respiratória foi avaliada entre os cuidados intensivos neonatais, bem como os efeitos da aplicação de suas técnicas. Tem sido aceito que a fisioterapia ajuda na prevenção de complicações respiratórias (diminuição da ventilação e/ou perfusão, obstrução das vias aéreas e aumento do trabalho respiratório) porém, devido à existência de trabalhos com diferentes metodologias e realizados em décadas diferentes, torna-se difícil fazer uma comparação dos seus resultados e, dessa forma, apresentar evidências sobre os efeitos da aplicação das técnicas fisioterapêuticas. Conclusões: A fisioterapia respiratória parece ter um papel importante nos cuidados intensivos neonatais, mas devido à escassez de trabalhos na área se torna difícil a comprovação de seus benefícios.

Bradicardia asociada a crisis epilépticas: Casos clínicos / Bradycardia during epileptic seizures: Report of two patients

Cardiac rate and rhythm due to autonomic activation, may occur during epileptic seizures. They are probably a consequence of the spreading seizure activity to structures involved in the autonomic control of cardiac rhythm. Sinus tachycardia is the most frequent finding (90 percent). Letal bradycardia is rare and life threatening asystoles require cardiac pacemaker insertion. We report two patients with a right frontal seizure associated to bradycardia, during simultaneous EEG/ECG monitoring. Interictal autonomic function tests showed preserved sympathetic and cardiac vagal responses. Normal interictal autonomic function tests, suggested a transient failure of sympatho-vagal balance.

Diretrizes Brasileiras de Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis (DCEI): parte II / Brazillian guidelines of implanted eletronic cardiac devices (ECD): part. II

A padronização das indicações para implantes de marcapassos é preocupação constante em todas as sociedades científicas relacionadas à área...